Transaction fees on Ethereum mainnet have reached historically low levels, prompting a reassessment of the role of layer‑2 scaling networks.

Recent fee levels

Median transaction costs on Ethereum mainnet have fallen substantially; in current conditions transfer fees rarely exceed $0.07, according to network monitors.

Drivers of lower fees

Reduced on‑chain congestion, wider use of rollup‑style solutions, and changes in fee dynamics collectively contribute to the observed decline in typical gas expenses.

Implications for L1 and L2 usage

Even with lower mainnet fees, layer‑2 networks continue to provide advantages for high‑frequency activity by lowering per‑transaction costs and improving throughput.

How users decide

Choice between mainnet and layer‑2 typically depends on priorities: some users value direct settlement on Ethereum, while others prioritise cheaper, faster transactions on L2s.

Metrics to watch

Monitoring bridge flows, aggregate transaction counts and average gas consumption will indicate whether the current low‑fee environment is temporary or persistent.